Among these stands out McKinsey & Company, the transnational consultancy of Piñera's National Green Hydrogen Strategy, a company linked to the business of carbon emissions and other false solutions, as well as support for authoritarian governments and causes of corruption.
An article from the Latin American Observatory of Environmental Conflicts (OLCA) points out: “Faced with this dark side of the green hydrogen strategy, it is necessary for the new government not to follow its inertia and, at a more general level, to commit to an agenda open to debate of the whole population to discuss an energy transition that is not at the expense of the territories”.
It is also indicated: “This green hydrogen strategy requires for its production the massive emplacement of hundreds of energy parks based on a large number of photovoltaic panels, wind generators, solar thermoelectric plants (solar thermoelectric plants) and run-of-river hydroelectric plants along the throughout the country, which has generated protests in the communities neighboring the facilities due to the discomfort and damage they are causing. Even so, the projects that would support the production of green hydrogen have been approved mainly through simple environmental impact statement (DIA) procedures that do not involve citizen consultation and to date more than 800 have been submitted and counting, as can be seen on the site of the Environmental Assessment Service. The H2V strategy is thus in line with the national plans "Energy 2050", of 2015 and "Energy Transition of Chile" of 2021".
Below, we share the full article from the Latin American Observatory of Environmental Conflicts (OLCA ).
The green hydrogen strategy in Chile and the dirty side of the energy export business
By OLCA
When reviewing the worldwide behavior of the large companies that promote the so-called green hydrogen strategy in Chile, it is possible to verify that several of them have been convicted in courts of different countries for serious offenses, including cases of corruption. Outstanding in this type of scandal is McKinsey & Company, the transnational consulting firm for this Chilean energy business strategy.
McKinsey & Company has been operating in Chile since 1997 advising large companies with similar practices in areas such as mining (SQM, Teck Resources), forestry (Forestal Arauco) or energy (Siemens), among others. McKinsey advised the elaboration of the "National Green Hydrogen Strategy" [1], in harmony with the members of the government of Sebastián Piñera Echenique, who faces serious charges of corruption [2]. One of the editors of this strategic plan, Max Correa, was general counsel and director of regulatory compliance at the Andes Iron mining company (Dominga Project), a company involved in business through tax havens involving Piñera Echenique [3].
Briefly, this strategy advised by McKinsey proposes a large-scale business aimed basically at exporting energy generated from so-called "renewable sources". In practice, it is a matter of applying green hydrogen (H2V) varnish to electricity, oil and gas, mining, forestry and other industries, which will also continue to use fossil fuels, destroying the environment and polluting the same or more than before. The plan fails to establish, for example, the damage to nature and people, the amounts of water used and the gases that cause the greenhouse effect that can escape from the aforementioned energy projects, as or more harmful to the atmosphere than methane or carbon dioxide (CO2), such as nitrous oxide (N2O) in solar thermal power plants and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in electrical substations [4].
Image of the Cerro Dominador solar thermal power plant, owned by the US investment company EIG Global Energy Partners. Foreground: substation similar to those used by other solar thermoelectric plants and photovoltaic and wind farms, which raises the voltage to 220 kv to connect to the grid. In the background: the tower that from the solar panels concentrates the heat stored by the solar salt to produce the steam that moves the turbine that generates electricity. Photo: Tamara Merino, The Washington Post, 03/31/2017.
This green hydrogen strategy requires for its production the massive deployment of hundreds of energy parks based on a large number of photovoltaic panels, wind generators, solar thermoelectric plants (solar thermoelectric) and run-of-river hydroelectric plants throughout the country, which which has generated protests in the communities neighboring the facilities due to the discomfort and damage they are causing. Even so, the projects that would support the production of green hydrogen have been approved mainly through simple environmental impact statement (DIA) procedures that do not involve citizen consultation and to date more than 800 have been submitted and counting, as can be seen on the site of the Environmental Assessment Service. The H2V strategy is thus in line with the national plans "Energy 2050", of 2015 and "Energy Transition of Chile" of 2021.
To increase the facilities for the companies involved in this business, the state Corporation for the Promotion of Production (CORFO) will provide 50 million dollars to finance green hydrogen projects. Among the European transnational billionaires to which CORFO will co-finance their projects are the Italian ENEL, with US$16,896,848; the French ENGIE, with US$9,533,668; and the German Linde GmbH, whose sales in 2020 were 27 billion dollars, with US$2,424,629. To this is added the plan offered by the government of Sebastián Piñera to allocate public land for the production of green hydrogen, without going through public tenders. On the list of those who aspire to public land is ATCO, which works in Canada for the oil company Shell and the mining company BHP Billiton. In November 2021, ATCO was asked to investigate for overpaying millions of dollars for transmission line work in order to secure lucrative construction contracts for an oil pipeline project[5].
According to the Ministry of the Environment, in 2017 McKinsey carried out a consultancy on the economic benefits of a project of the National Parks Network of Chilean Patagonia, in which detailed information on public lands in that area was processed [6].
The business with carbon emissions
In 2014, the environmental organization Friends of the Earth pointed to McKinsey as a promoter of false solutions for encouraging the governments of various countries to maintain deforestation plans to obtain probable compensation, using the United Nations program to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation. of forests (REDD). Friends of the Earth argued that the consultancy used a profoundly flawed method to show benefits of REDD “without taking into account the complexity and costs of addressing the underlying causes of deforestation, and ignoring important technical, legal, social and environmental costs. ” [7].
A report by the Rainforest Foundation UK had shown in 2010 that McKinsey profited from its consultancies on REDD in Indonesia, Guyana, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo by using an erroneous and misleading carbon mitigation cost analysis for decision-makers, in coordination with the World Bank [8]. REDD has been used in this way to present agrofuels as “green fuels”, which has meant a massive destruction of forests on the planet for the profit of forestry and agro-industrial corporations, mainly.
Shortly before the COP26 climate summit, it was learned that more than 1,100 McKinsey employees signed an open letter addressed to the company's main partners, urging them to disclose the amount of carbon that their clients put into the atmosphere. Several authors of the letter resigned from their jobs, and one of them reported that McKinsey's ongoing work with fossil fuel companies was the main reason for his resignation [9].
Although McKinsey guards the identity of its clients very well, The New York Times was able to establish the company's close ties to the fossil fuel industry through public information from lawsuits and interviews with former employees, revealing that more than 50 years ago , Mobil, Shell and Texaco helped propel her to the top of the consulting firms. The newspaper added that McKinsey has advised at least 43 of the 100 most polluting companies of the last half century, including BP, Exxon Mobil, Gazprom and Saudi Aramco.
"Around the world, from China to the United States, McKinsey's work with these companies often focuses not on reducing their environmental impact, but on reducing costs, increasing productivity and increasing profits," the NYT journalists concluded[10].
Thus, without stopping polluting, the oil and energy companies are now trying to paint themselves with the different colors that they attribute to hydrogen in order to continue with the business. For example, while promoting a system to automate the installation of extensive photovoltaic parks, the transnational AES Corporation operates seven polluting thermoelectric plants in Chile (five coal-fired and the others oil and biomass), four hydroelectric plants, and is building the enormous Alto Maipo plant, denounced for destroying glaciers and affecting water sources in the country's capital region.
In the presentation of the green hydrogen strategy, the authors thanked McKinsey for providing the support and analytical foundation of the plan, which they then considered as an opportunity for Chile to become "the Saudi Arabia of renewable fuels" and that The Washington Post had called in 2017 “Solar Saudi Arabia” [11]. In 2016, when McKinsey was advising lithium miner SQM that was struggling to whitewash its image amid corruption scandals, it called Chilean lithium reserves the “Saudi Arabia of lithium” [12]. During this period, McKinsey was also conducting a consultancy to whitewash the brutal government of Saudi Arabia, the majority shareholder of Saudi Aramco, an oil company that has been at the forefront of efforts to paralyze international action on climate change for decades [13] and now it is expanding its gas production business with “Grey Hydrogen”, “Blue Hydrogen” and “Green Hydrogen”, like other oil transnationals.
The “carbon neutral” fuel pilot project in Magallanes
As a model of this green hydrogen strategy, the "Pilot Project for Decarbonization and Production of Neutral Carbon Fuels" [14], baptized as Haru Oni, has been publicized worldwide, which is installed in the Magallanes region, 35 km from Puerto Mardones. There it is planned to produce only methanol and synthetic gasoline that will be taken to Germany to be used in the latest models of luxury combustion cars from the Porsche firm. Not all the oil that will be used is mentioned in the advertising or in the project, both for the tanker trucks that will supply water to the plant, remove industrial waste and take the fuel produced to the port, and for the ships that will transport the product to Europe. While it is argued that the production of green hydrogen must come from renewable sources and without carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
As mentioned above, the Chilean government, through CORFO, will provide 16.9 million dollars to ENEL to co-finance this project. The current partners of the Haru Oni project, also known as HIF (Highly Innovative Fuels), are Porsche (Volkswagen Group), Siemens, ENEL, Empresa Nacional del Petroleo (ENAP) and Andes Mining & Energy (AME). Likewise, AME is associated with the aforementioned investment corporation EIG Global Energy Partners, which manages its funds through firms domiciled in the tax haven of the Cayman Islands, such as EIG Harbor Energy Advisor, EIG-Gateway Direct Investments, EIG Global Private Debt Sub Fund-B and Harbor Energy Ltd, and does oil business with Saudi Aramco.
In 2015 Volkswagen was caught using software to cheat emissions tests for diesel use, costing it some €30 billion in fines, repairs and settlements. In 2019 it was reported that Volkswagen's Porsche division was fined 598 million dollars for negligent installation of engines in breach of emission standards [15] and in July 2021 Porsche had to pay a fine of 47 million dollars for non-compliance with its obligations. prosecutors [16].
Siemens' participation in this pilot project joins similar initiatives from different parts of the world. In several of those countries it has had to face scandals due to repeated cases of corruption and abuse throughout its long history [17]. The Encyclopedia Britannica records that after World War II Siemens officials were accused of recruiting and employing slave labor from captive nations and of associating in the construction and operation of the Auschwitz extermination camp and the Buchenwald concentration camp. [18].
Siemens is involved with Israeli companies in the construction of a thermoelectric power plant less than 500 meters from the Palestinian city of Qalqilya, also putting drinking water sources at risk. According to the Qalqilya municipality, Israel did not allow its representatives to raise objections to the installation plan for the plant [19].
Members of the ENEL and ENAP boards have held executive positions at the consulting firm McKinsey, which also provides services to the European CEO Alliance, of which ENEL and Volkswagen are members [20]. ENEL managers who have worked for McKinsey include Alberto Marchi, Samuel Leupold, Fabio Tentori and Nicola Melchiotti [21]. At ENAP, the case of the Corporate Manager of the Exploration and Production Business Line, Denisse Abudinén Butto, stands out. She has worked alternately at McKinsey and at the Chilean state oil company [22]. ENEL manages seven thermoelectric plants in Chile (one coal-fired, four oil-fired and two gas-fired) and fourteen hydroelectric plants.
The Haru Oni facility is in charge of the company Higly Innovative Fuels (HIF), a subsidiary of AME, which is associated with the French transnational EDF. AME and EDF bought four thermoelectric plants in Chile from AES Corporation in 2018: Renca, Nueva Renca, Los Vientos and Santa Lidia. After this acquisition, the vice-president of EDF Group International, Marianne Laigneau, stated: “Chile is one of the key countries in which EDF is expanding its business in line with its 2030 capital accumulation plan, which seeks to triple our business outside Europe by 2030” [23]. AME and EDF also intend to build a gas-fired thermoelectric plant generated by fracking in the Chilean region of Ñuble, despite the rejection of the communities in the area and their alternative of installing two solar plants in the same territory [24]. At least two EDF executives, Simone Rossi and Raphael Declercq, have held senior positions at McKinsey.
The businesses of McKinsey & Company, the adviser to the Green Hydrogen Strategy
The Securities and Exchange Commission?? of the United States (SEC) imposed last November a fine of 18 million dollars, for non-compliance with current regulations, to a subsidiary and internal fund of McKinsey & Company that offers investment options exclusively to current and former partners and employees of this consulting company.
This was reported by the SEC after a discovery that the McKinsey subsidiary, MIO Partners Inc (also known as the McKinsey Investment Office), from at least 2015 to 2020 did not establish or implement adequate policies and procedures “to ensure that McKinsey executives and partners did not misuse material confidential information obtained as consultants to public companies and other McKinsey clients while simultaneously overseeing the subsidiary's investment decisions” [25].
The SEC investigation concluded that MIO Partners Inc [26], incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in New York, “invested hundreds of millions of dollars in companies advised by McKinsey. Certain McKinsey partners oversaw MIO's investment decisions and also had access to proprietary information as a result of their McKinsey consulting work. These partners were routinely privy to sensitive information such as financial results, bankruptcy plans, mergers and acquisitions, product pipeline and financing efforts, as well as significant changes in senior management at those companies.”
The SEC found that MIO, which is a registered investment adviser and a wholly owned subsidiary of McKinsey, violated Sections 204A and 206(4) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and Rule 206(4)-7. Without admitting or denying the findings, MIO complied with the SEC's order to cease such practices, and agreed to pay the $18 million fine. The SEC found that as of December 2020, McKinsey Investment Office managed $31 billion in asset management [27].
Other McKinsey & Company Businesses
In April 2021, McKinsey agreed to pay $573.9 million in compensation to victims in 47 US states for advising pharmaceutical companies during the opioid addiction epidemic that killed thousands of people. The Washington Post reported that McKinsey "sold its ideas" to OxyContin maker Purdue Pharma for more than 15 years beginning in 2004, according to Massachusetts court filings, which note that McKinsey continued to strive to expand sales of OxyContin. opioids even after an affiliated company, Purdue Frederick, pleaded guilty to misbranding OxyContin, its flagship opioid.
The WP added that McKinsey was intimately involved in the drugmaker's push to expand its market, helping it sidestep Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restrictions. According to court records, McKinsey also worked for other companies that profited from opioids, including Johnson & Johnson and Endo [28].
The many cases of malpractice at McKinsey that include, in addition to corruption scandals, large financial bankruptcies, support for authoritarian regimes and failed consultancies, among others, can be seen in greater detail in articles such as “The many times McKinsey has been embroiled in scandals ” (The many times McKinsey has been involved in scandals) and “As McKinsey sells advice, its hedge fund may have a stake in the outcome” (As McKinsey sells advice, your hedge fund may benefit from the results), where the means used to hide profits in tax havens are also revealed[29].
"It is not personal. It's just business."
The great absentees in the elaboration of this strategy for the overwhelming business of green energy in Chile are precisely the thousands of people affected by the numerous projects that have been installed in the last three decades. At the national level, the "National Green Hydrogen Strategy" is based on the "Energy 2050" plans, launched in 2015 by the government of Michelle Bachelet [30], and "Chile's Energy Transition", published in October 2021 by the administration of Sebastián Piñera [31], also tailored to the financial business of transnationals in the field and where citizen participation has become just a publicized simulacrum.
Unlike the green hydrogen strategy, the national energy policy plans have been advised by the Consensus Building Institute (CBI), an American consulting firm that provides services to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Chevron, Shell , US Department of State, USAID, World Bank and its International Finance Corporation (IFC), among others [32].
This class will show you how to find, download and enjoy Podcasts that cater to your particular interests! Register… https://t.co/fzw1OF9FLi
— NWPLibrary Tue Jul 20 14:50:02 +0000 2021
Precisely the IFC of the World Bank and the IDB participated in the financing of the Alto Maipo hydroelectric plant of AES Corporation, whose real owners are global financial companies, including BlackRock, The Vanguard Group Inc, Capital Group, State Street Global Advisors, FMR LLC and Capital International Investors [33]. BlackRock directors, such as Sandra Boss, Geraldine Buckingham, Salim Ramji and Mark Wiedman, have been partners or consultants to McKinsey & Company.
Because of the energy projects promoted by these export business plans, there are too many victims of pollution, abuse and repression. There has not even been justice for those who opposed these projects in their territories and who fell by the wayside, such as Nicolasa Quintreman and Macarena Valdés.
It is time for Chilean citizens to be able to participate effectively in the proposal and formulation of policies, such as energy, in favor of the population as a whole and to prevent the entire country from becoming a sacrifice zone.
Given the irregularities to impose a national strategy where the State is committing large resources and considering the expectations generated, it seems advisable that the new government at least review or audit the different aspects of the National H2V Strategy, and not continue the inertia that the Piñera government has led.
Latin American Observatory of Environmental Conflicts (OLCA)
References:
[1] Ministry of Energy, Government of Chile. National Green Hydrogen Strategy, November, 2020: https://energia.gob.cl/sites/default/files/estrategia_nacional_de_hidrogeno_verde_-_chile.pdf
[2] Francisca Skoknic (LaBot) and Alberto Arellano, Pandora Papers: Piñera and Délano families sealed millionaire sale of Minera Dominga in British Virgin Islands, CIPER, October 3, 2021: https://www.ciperchile.cl/2021/ 03/10/pandora-papers-pinera-and-delano-families-sealed-millionaire-purchase-sale-of-minera-dominga-in-british-virgin-islands/
[3] World Hydrogen 2022 Summit. Programme, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, March 8-10, 2022: https://www.world-hydrogen-summit.com/speakers/max-correa/
[4] ?Phillip Widger and Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad, 2018 Evaluation of SF6 Leakage from Gas Insulated Equipment on Electricity Networks in Great Britain: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/8/2037/htm; Kandasamy Vignarooban, Xinhai Xu, Ben Xu, Keng Hsu, AM Kannan, 2016, Prospects and problems of concentrating solar power technologies for power generation in the desert regions, p. 1125-1126:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283465427; Matt McGrath, Climate change: Electrical industry's “dirty secret” boosts warming, BBC, September 13, 2019: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49567197
[5] Chile. Production Development Corporation, Corfo awards Green Hydrogen proposals that will attract investments of 1,000 million dollars, December 27, 2021: https://www.corfo.cl/sites/Satellite?c=C_NoticiaNacional&cid=1476730772854&d=Touch&pagename= CorfoPortalPublico%2FC_NoticiaNacional%2FcorfoDetailNoticiaNacionalWeb; Chili. Ministry of National Assets, The Ministries of Energy and National Assets announce strategy to produce Green Hydrogen on public land, November 2021: https://www.bienesnacionales.cl/?page_id=41049; BnnBloomberg, Alberta Utilities Commission investigators want probe of ATCO, December 1, 2021: https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/alberta-utilities-commission-investigators-want-probe-of-atco-1.1689714
[6] Chile. Ministry of Environment. Council of Ministers for Sustainability, Minutes of Extraordinary Session 2/2017, April 10, 2017: https://mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Acta-No2-Sesion-Extraordinaria1.pdf
[7] Friends of the Earth, Nine reasons why REDD is a false solution: New Report from Friends of the Earth International, October 2014: https://foe.org/blog/2014-10-nine-reasons-why- redd-is-a-false-folution-friends-of/
[8] Nathaniel Dyer and Simon Counsell, McREDD: How McKinsey 'cost-curves' are distorting REDD, Rainforest Foundation UK, November 2010: http://redd-monitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/ McRedd-English.pdf
[9] Judy Samuelson, Employees are a check on firms supporting the fossil fuel sector, MSN News, November 15, 2021: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/employees-are-a -check-on-firms-supporting-the-fossil-fuel-sector/ar-AAQINkx
[10] Michael Forsythe and Walt Bogdanich, At McKinsey, Widespread Furor Over Work With Planet's Biggest Polluters, The New York Times, October 27, 2021: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/27/business/ mckinsey-climate-change.html
[11] María José López, Max Correa: The key advisor of green hydrogen, Diario Financiero, February 7, 2021: https://dfmas.df.cl/df-mas/personaje/max-correa-el-asesor- green-hydrogen-key; Nick Miroff, 'A solar Saudi Arabia'. While Trump promotes coal, Chile and others are turning to cheap sun power, The Washington Post, March 31, 2017: https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/world/2017/03/31/while-trump-promotes -coal-other-countries-are-turning-to-cheap-sun-power/
[12] Rosalba O'Brien, Chile lithium firm SQM seeks to leave behind Pinochet legacy, Reuters, October 27, 2016: https://www.reuters.com/article/sqm-strategy-idUKL8N1CP6ZA
[13] Kevin McCauley, McKinsey, BCG Finally Report Saudi Cash Haul, O'Dwyer's News, August 13, 2020: https://www.odwyerpr.com/story/public/14727/2020-08-13/mckinsey- bcg-finally-report-saudi-cash-haul.html; Richard Collett-White and Rachel Sherrington, The Greenwashing Files: Fossil Fuel Giants Accused of 'Deceptive' Advertising, Resilience, May 12, 2021: https://www.resilience.org/stories/2021-05-12/the- greenwashing-files-fossil-fuel-giants-accused-of-deceptive-advertising/
[14] Chile. Environmental Assessment Service, Project File: Pilot Project for Decarbonization and Production of Neutral Carbon Fuels. Environmental Qualification Resolution, May 18, 2021: https://seia.sea.gob.cl/expediente/ficha/fichaPrincipal.php?modo=normal&id_expediente=2149071179
[15] The Associated Press, VW's Porsche agrees to 535 million euro fine in diesel case, May 7, 2019: https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vws-porsche-agrees-535-million-euro -fine-diesel-62875570
[16] Reuters, Porsche must pay 40 mln eur for breach of duty on tax filings – prosecutor, July 21, 2021: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/porsche-must-pay-40 -mln-eur-breach-duty-tax-filings-prosecutor-2021-07-21/
[17] Rusha Bhattacharjee, Siemens History and Facts. German Company Establishment in India, Startup Talky, June 12, 2021: https://startuptalky.com/siemens-history/
[18] Encyclopædia Britannica, Siemens AG German company: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siemens-AG
[19] Who Profits, Siemens: https://whoprofits.org/company/siemens/
[20] AkzoNobel, Cross-industry CEO Alliance backs EU plan to cut carbon emissions by 55% by 2030, July 8, 2021: https://www.akzonobel.com/en/media/latest-news—media-releases -/cross-industry-ceo-alliance-backs-eu-plan-to-cut-carbon-emission
[21] ENEL, Board of Directors: https://www.enel.com/es/inversores/gobierno/junta-directiva
[22] ENAP, Organizational Structure: https://www.enap.cl/empresa/org_gsipetrol.html
[23] Darrell Proctor, Upgrades Planned for Chilean Plants, Power Digest, July 1, 2018: https://www.powermag.com/power-digest-july-2018/
[24] OLCA, Publications on Octopus thermoelectric plant and gas terminal, Chile: https://olca.cl/oca/portada.php?mc=92&ip=02032300&ix=89; Generadoras de Chile, El Campesino and government reach agreement: firm will install 600 renewable MW, September 4, 2019: http://generadoras.cl/prensa/el-campesino-y-gobierno-logran-acuerdo-firma-instalara-600 -mw-renewable
[25] US Securities and Exchange Commission, McKinsey Affiliate to Pay $18 Million for Compliance Failures in Handling of Nonpublic Information, November 19, 2021: https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2021-241
[26] MIO Partners Inc, Who We Are: https://www.miopartners.com/public/who-we-are/
[27] US Securities and Exchange Commission, Administrative Proceeding. File No. 3-20656. In the Matter of MIO Partners Inc, November 19, 2021: https://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2021/ia-5912.pdf
[28] Peter Whoriskey and Christopher Rowland, The Washington Post, McKinsey, adviser to businesses around the world, agrees to pay $573.9 million to settle charges for its role in opioid epidemic, February 4, 2021: https://www.washingtonpost .com/business/2021/02/04/mckinsey-opioid-settlement-purdue/
[29] TRT World, The many times McKinsey has been embroiled in scandals, February 8, 2021: https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/the-many-times-mckinsey-has-been-embroiled-in- scandals-43996; Michael Forsythe, Walt Bogdanich, and Bridget Hickey, As McKinsey sells advice, its hedge fund may have a stake in the outcome, The New York Times, February 19, 2019: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/ 19/business/mckinsey-hedge-fund.html
[30] Chile. Ministry of Energy, Energy 2050. Chilean energy policy. Summary, December 2015: https://www.energia.gob.cl/sites/default/files/energia_2050_-_resumen_de_la_politica_energetica_de_chile.pdf; EnerNews, Bachelet approved the "Road Map 2050 for Chile's energy", December 31, 2015: http://enernews.com/nota/292125/bachelet-aprobo-la-hoja-de-ruta-2050-para -the-energy-of-chile-the-document
[31] Chile. Ministry of Energy, Energy Transition of Chile. Política Energética Nacional. Actualización 2021: https://energia.gob.cl/sites/default/files/documentos/actualizacion_anteproyecto_pen_2021_lr.pdf
[32] Consensus Building Institute, Worldwide Experience: https://www.cbi.org/where-we-work/
[33] AES Corporation, Performance indicators – 2020, p. 8: https://www.aes.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/2020%20Performance%20Indicators.pdf» target=»blank; AES Corporation, Sustainability Report – 2019, p. 8: https://www.aes.com/sites/default/files/2021-02/AES-2019-Sustainability-Report.pdf; AES Corporation, Sustainability Report – 2017, p. 4https://www.aes.com/sites/default/files/2021-02/2017_GRI_preliminaryReport_v5.pdf.
Ver / Bajar en pdf:
https://olca.cl/oca/informes/H2V-en-Chile-y-el-lado-sucio-del-negocio-exportador-de-energia.pdf
